Biological Theories of Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biological Theories of Crime - Research Paper Example According to Johan Caspar, the facial features, as well as the shape of the skull, have an impact on the human conduct. Cesare Lombroso echoed this opinion. He theorized that other aspects of body organs, such as the size of hair and ears, were related to the conduct of individuals. This was so in that those individuals who had longer hair had higher chances of being criminals as they behaved to match the primitive nature of other primitive animals (Velden, 2010). The earlier theories of criminality tried to relate the physical features of an individual’s body, such as deformity, disability and ugliness with crime (Brewer, 2000). Fundamentally, the biological theories of crime put the biological traits of an individual as the main factor that affects their behavior and the way they act. However, the modern biological theories of crime have related their observations and arguments to the works of Charles Darwin (Wilson, 1980). These theories postulate that crime is a factor of the process of man trying to adapt to the environment. There are various theories that have been put across to establish the relationship between the biological make up of an individual and their behaviors and actions. Such theories include the constitutional theories and the psychological theories. Psychoanalytic Theory is one of the psychological theories postulating that all human beings have some aspects of natural urges that are suppressed in their subconscious (Velden, 2010). According to this theory, all individuals have criminal urges and tendencies. However, through the process of behavioral development, socialization and the build of self-control such urges and tendencies are restrained (Brewer, 2000). If there is that lack of control learnt by individuals during their childhood, and if there happens to be a faulty identification by a child with his parents, a criminal behavior develops. The aspect of lack of proper development in a child may develop personality disturbanc e, which is a responsible for developing antisocial tendency either inwardly or outwardly. According to this theory, a child who directs the antisocial impulses inwardly becomes restless, while the one who directs them outwardly becomes a criminal (Wilson, 1980). Cognitive development theory is another psychological theory that postulates that criminal behavior emanates from the way individuals organize their thoughts on morality and law (Brewer, 2000). According to this theory, individuals undergo three levels of morality development, where each stage can shape the tendencies for individuals to become criminals, based on their moral character development at each stage. At the first level of moral development, which is the preconventional level, individual’s moral reasoning is based on obedience and the fear of punishment (Velden, 2010). This is mostly found at the early stages of childhood. When individuals get to the middle stages of childhood, they enter the conventional l evel of moral development. At this level, individuals develop moral reasoning and behaviors based on what their families and others expect of them. After this stage, an individual proceeds to early adulthood stage. This is the post-conventional level of moral behavior development. At this stage, individuals do value the social conventions and laws, but are at a freedom to adapt changes that will eventually change such social convention

Ancient Chinese Contributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ancient Chinese Contributions - Essay Example Ancient Chinese contributions to civilization are numerous and continue to influence contemporary European and Asian culture. These contributions span all aspects of life, ranging from science and technology, to government, philosophy and art. As the various dynasties succeeded each other in Chinese history, each dynasty made its own unique contribution to the collective heritage of the world. A comprehensive list of Chinese contributions is amazing in its variety and its penetration into every aspect of our lives. This list includes silk, tea, porcelain, paper, printing, gunpowder, the mariner’s compass, plants (peach, apricot, citrus fruits, chrysanthemums, camellias and gingko), zinc, lacquer, medicines and leisure activities (playing cards, dominoes, kites and shadow play). The ornamental and exotic fish in aquariums and the folding parasol also originated from ancient China. (Bodde, 1942). This list is by no means exhaustive: some other Chinese contributions are the philo sophic doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism, the civil service examination, paper money, matches, the seismograph, stirrups, plowshares and calligraphy. (Caldwell and Fullem, 2006). The Han dynasty (202 B.C. – 220 A.D.) remains one of the most prolific contributors to civilization. The Silk Road, papermaking, iron technology, glazed pottery, the wheelbarrow, the seismograph, the compass, ships’ rudder, horse stirrups, the Chinese examination system, weaving and embroidery are all contributions from this period. (Caldwell and Fullem, 2006). ... These early compasses were south-pointers: south being the primary direction for the Chinese. A magnetized needle (obtained by rubbing an iron needle with a lodestone), was floated in a bowl of water with directional markings, or suspended from a thread, and incorporated the principle of magnetic deviation. The compass went on to become a navigational device at sea and on land, and made China the greatest sea power in the world. It cannot be denied that the Chinese invention of the compass is one of the most important milestones in the discovery of new trade routes and pioneered world navigation. (Bodde, 1942). The Tang dynasty (618 A.D. – 906 A.D) contributed the culture of tea drinking, scroll painting, gunpowder, civil service examinations, the flame thrower, brandy and whiskey, poetry, music and dance, and the doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism. The Chinese invention of gunpowder began with refinement of sulphur and saltpeter by alchemists. (Caldwell and Fullem, 2006). T he initial use of gunpowder in fireworks and religious rituals was followed by its incorporation in warfare in the form of explosives: canons, flamethrowers, bombs and rockets. From simple bamboo tubes filled with gunpowder, the Chinese incorporated rocket fire-arrows in warfare. The Chinese military rockets were large and powerful, and were packed with gunpowder and iron shrapnel. It can also be said that the idea of the internal combustion engine originated in China, as the idea of an explosion in a self-contained cylinder was incorporated in these rockets: the rockets were designed to hold an iron pot which held and directed the thrust of the gunpowder propellant.

Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading report - Essay Example These fields are the information and communication field, and the health provider field. As far as these two fields are concerned, a concerted and fused background could be given in relation to the study that was undertaken, without having to give a separate background to the two fields of study. This is because, over the years, there has been great talk of the need to modernize the health sector to make it have its fair share of the technological advancements that are happening all around us (Gardener, 2009). Indeed, there have been both national and local sector reforms that have over the years ensured that health care delivery was improved and that the fulcrum of improved service was with the use of technology. If for nothing at all the digital health record system can be mentioned as a long term intervention that is being used by the health directorate to achieve improved results. There has also been the digitalization of database systems in the healthcare sector. These sector re forms indeed favor the position of IBM as an information and communication company to have a good business marriage with the health sector. The study was conducted following the qualitative method of research whereby the author made use of a lot of secondary data as compared to primary data. This is to means that the author, who also acted as the researcher of the study, did not have to depend on data coming directly from the field of study that were collected by the researcher. Rather, as part of the provisions of qualitative research, the researcher collected data from existing sources that could be trusted as reliable, authentic and empirical. To this effect, there could be several references made to people who have given different versions of accounts to how IBM strategized itself into become a global giant and surmounting the wind of economic turbulence that blew all across the globe. There exist several managerial implications of the current study. Most of these

The science of Addiction - psychology Assignment

The science of Addiction - psychology - Assignment Example It provides an insight of chemical interaction that takes place at the synaptic level that causes the drug user to feel â€Å"high†. The most interactive and yet knowledgeable was â€Å"Mouse Party†. It is self-explanatory and provides an in depth understanding about the 7 most dreaded drugs of abuse causing addiction encompassing: LSD, Cocaine, Alcohol, Methamphetamine, Marijuana, Ectasy, Heroin. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter located in our Central Nervous System making it one of our most important neurotransmitters. Another neurotransmitter of CNS called Norephinephrine is manufactured from dopamine. Dopamine, along with Norephinephrine, plays an imperative role in attention and focus. Drugs affecting attention and focus affects the signaling pathway of dopamine and therefore many of the aspects of the website focus on the neurotransmitter Dopamine which is also called as â€Å"happy neurotransmitter† responsible for the feeling of pleasure, attachment, sense of altruism and integration of thoughts and feelings. Moreover deficiencies of Dopamine cause anhedonia, lack of ability to feel love, sense attachment to another, lack of remorse about actions, distractibility. Thus dopamine play imperative role in the control of movement and therefore the website emphasized a lot on dopamine. The action of various drugs is well explained on this site under the section â€Å"How Drugs Can Kill†. This states that drugs are toxic substances and long-term drug abuse can badly affect the health of an individual, on the other hand even a single dose can be detrimental. E.g. Heroin is the cause for maximum deaths due to overdose of the drug. Under normal conditions the respiratory balance is maintained by excitatory and inhibitory signals by glutamate and GABA respectively, but a toxic dose of heroin enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA which reduces the breathing and

Cherished Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cherished Love - Essay Example He was taking the information so deeply it seemed my decision was so abrupt. I always told him about it before, preparing him for such a time as this as I knew pretty well that my departure is inevitable. My mother is in the United States and she wanted me to join her because things are really tough for us in Poland. My boyfriend said he was afraid I would stop loving him. Of course this was foolish. I know deep in my heart that I would always cherish him, adore and regard him with deep love and fidelity. I understood how he felt. I feel the same way however, I kept it unspoken. The atmosphere was so tense between us especially when he got testy, finding how I might take things if some unexpected events happened. To all his questions I said I will always remain loving him. How would I forget such a wonderful man? He was always romantic, always ready with something new to spice up our relationship. Expecting a surprise from him would never stop me from being surprised. He was just so witty, bright and fantastic. There never seemed to be a boring moment spent with him. He was always thoughtful. One of the treasures I brought along with me is a couple of brown bunnies my boyfriend gave me. He knew how I love animals and he just thought I might want to have something that would last for years, something that would not die, â€Å"like our love†, he said. That was so sweet of him and I treasure such memories. I find my boyfriend a wonderful man who is just so full of equally wonderful ideas to express how he felt towards me. This made me always feel comfortable with him even in the presence of his parents or friends. I knew I was genuinely loved and I in return, gave my generous love that seemed to have known no bounds. My days would always be fantastic after spending time with him, sharing a lazy moment when we did nothing but talk, laugh and enjoy each other’s company. He is a true debonair, I must say. He sure is the sunshine in my life, bringing che er to my gloomy days and encouragement when I am down. He is always energetic I always wonder where he finds all the strength to be so active in school and at home and yet would find much time to nurture the relationship that we shared. He is also funny and sometimes, he would go to an extreme and could almost be hilarious. There are also days that he would just simply be silly but not the kind of silly that is laughable. He sometimes just expresses himself weirdly like for instance, we are walking and he suddenly kneels in front of me to sing a song of love. I find that stupid and silly especially when he does that in front of other people but I guess that is how love would drive a person to madly indulge in. I consider my boyfriend mature and reflective. When he talks, he makes a lot of sense one would think he is speaking to a philosopher. He is a dreamer and in his plans and objectives, he always considers me. We were still teenagers then, and I think for a man to have such clea r perceptions of his future at such age, there is a certain maturity that is almost unseen from most of our age mates. He was always sincere with his words, expressing his love when he is at the summit of his emotions and saying just how bad he felt when something bad hit him. This is one of the attributes that has attracted me to my boyfriend because I find that in our world today, men who show their manliness through muscles and good looks and probably a string of women they attach to their character. However for me, I am more interested in the attitude than the physical attributes. He is also kind-hearted and sensitive. Sensitivity might be more appropriate for women, thought of as a feminine attribute yet, I find it attractive to be on a man especially

PROJECT DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PROJECT DESCRIPTION - Essay Example Particularly, I focused on the water conditions, depth, and flow. The experimental research took various routes; however, my first observational study was the water conditions. Apparently, the samples of the water revealed a substantial amount of Algae, which is a type of bacterial substance produced by duck week and sewage residues. Through further research into algae, I found that there is a way of filtering this algae bacterium into a mineral. According to research, this is said to be good for muscular a joint conditions. Having found out this possible, I wanted to talk this further. Therefore, I decided to design a thermal pool whereby I would use the algae as the healing mineral. In the course of enriching the discovery, I will have a three-floor building beside the thermal pool. The ground floor will serve as the changing rooms as well as toilet facilities. The first floor would be the lab area for important experiments and presentation of findings. Subsequently, it will constitute a gallery space where the bacterial findings and different filtration as well as a recycling processes display. Most importantly, this will include the bacterial filtration process for the Algae collected, the sand filtration process which is used to recycle the canal water to the thermal pool and third the recycling process of the used thermal water channelled back into the canal. In essence, the water is pumped from the canal into pipes using a pressure pump, which then pumps to the roof of the building. Conceivably, this is where all the filtration processes take place, opened into a valve, which lets the waterfall down into the pool

Somali Pirates Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Somali Pirates - Personal Statement Example They possess automatic weapons along with loads of AK-47s, tracking equipments, advanced communication devices. They have different levels of attack and methods of dealing within each level. In my line of thinking, they are the true masters of deception and entrapment although this includes physical attack; their camouflaging is better than the chameleons themselves. One aspect of piracy which surprises me a great deal is the inability to sustain security onboard and on the seaways. In other words, world’s massive trade is moved through these very seas estimated to be at more than 90% of the world’s economy is most prone to attacks and loss of billions of money through piracy! The only explanation I can think of is a refusal to attend to the indifference. But then in my opinion these areas have the largest amount of poverty and are, one way or the other, entitled to the world’s money. And the corporations suffering the loss deserve it because poverty began when the world denied people the right to have money. Although several corporations are involved in helping the Somali pirates buy the latest technology; getting their hands on such technology is something that they cannot accomplish by themselves. It is a known fact that the waters of Somalia cannot be regulated at all much less 24/7, the reason being as simple as the government being unable to impose further responsibility on their already strained assets. Although in my opinion is it is not entirely impossible because if a huge force is to arrive on the scene, piracy can be lessened. NATO and other such organizations are patrolling the area though without guarantees of any sort. Piracy has become socially acceptable in Somalia; after all what is one supposed to do after almost two decades of unending conflict. Somalia’s need for food aid is estimated to be at about 50 % of