Assess the Argument That Modern Childhood Is a ‘March of Progress‘

The march of progress, traditionally depicting a compressed presentation of 25 million years of human evolution, can be applied to sociologists view on childhood- is it ‘evolving’ for the better? The ‘March of progress’ view argues that, over the past few centuries, childhood in western societies has been improving steadily, and is even better than ever today. We can then go onto say that the ‘march of progress’ evidently paints a bad picture of the past; as Lloyd De Mause puts it- â€Å"The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only begun to awaken. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of childcare, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorised and sexually abused. † Writers like Aries and Shorter look on from this dark past, and hold to the belief that children are more valued, better cared for, protected & educated, enjoy better health and have a lot more rights than previous generations. On the other hand, certain sociologists would disagree with this; for example, Sue Palmers. Her view uplifts the concept of â€Å"The Five Finger Exercise†; the belief that ‘language, love, education, play & discipline’ are what children crucially need for healthy development. In her opinion, children in the UK today are going through, what she calls, ‘toxic childhood’- in the past 25 years, children’s physical, emotional and academic development have been effected and damaged by rapid technological and cultural changes. These ‘changes’ include emphasis on testing in education, computer games, junk food, intensive marketing on children, even the long hours parents work. All of these factors (which weren’t as dominant in society, in the past) have negative effects i. e. an increase in child obesity. Neil Postman has a similar negative opinion on childhood- he stated that childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’. In contrast to Palmers opinion that children are being affected by rapid technological and cultural changes, Postman believes the disappearance of childhood is down to young people being given the same rights as adults. Similarities in the way children and adults dress, the decrease of traditional unsupervised games, ven rare cases of children committing ‘adults crimes’, such as murder. Also, as education intensifies, young people will be able to enter the adult world at an earlier age, rapidly increasing the disappearance of childhood. Though Iona Opie argues that this is not true that childhood is not disappearing; she believes there is still evidence that childhood culture exists, based on a lifetime of research into children’s games, rhymes and songs (led by herself and her husband, Peter Opie). Contradictory to Postman’s findings, Opie came to the conclusion that children can, and do, create their own independent culture which is separate from that of adults. Child liberations argue against both Palmers and Postman- they argue that western ideas of childhood are being globalised (far from disappearing). International humanitarian and welfare agencies have imposed western norms on the world, of what childhood should be- a separate life stage, based in the nuclear family and school, where children are innocent, dependant & vulnerable and have no economic role. Therefore, childhood is far from disappearing, but western notions are simply being globalised. For example, anti child labour campaigns, or concerns about ‘street children’ in less economically developed countries, reflect western ideas of what childhood is ‘ought’ to be like. Though this kind of activity could be the norm for children in that specific culture; possibly important preparation for adult life in their society. So in this view, childhood isn’t ‘disappearing’, but it is spreading across the world.

In This Essay the Myth of Equality Between Men and Women Will Be Discussed and Progress Made by Women so Far, for the Fight of Equality Will Be Examined.

Year 10 ENGLISH Assessment 1:3 – Using Language to Persuade Unit 1 Outcome 3: Analyse the use of language in texts that present a point of view on a current issue. TASK: Produce writing that analyses the use of language in persuasive texts. You will have two class periods to complete this assessment task. The prior two periods will be to prepare. Test conditions will apply throughout the writing of the assessment.. You must analyse 2 written texts, which will be provided at the beginning of your first preparation lesson.You may use a dictionary (bring your own). You may also bring in one sheet of notes to the assessment writing classes. On the reverse of this sheet there is a copy of the Assessment Criteria for this task. You should produce a minimum of one page per text to be analysed. Each text should have a minimum of one page analytical essay. Your opinion on the issue in the persuasive text, SHOULD NOT be included as a part of your analytic essay.English Assessment â€⠀œ 1:3 Using Language to Persuade Nature of task: Produce writing that analyses the use of language in two persuasive texts. Student’s Name: _______________________________________________________________________ |   |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | |Criterion 1: Knowledge Analysis and omparison of ways in which language is|   |   |   |   |   | |used to position readers. (10 marks) | | | | | | |1. Analysis of language |Sophisticated |Detailed |Analysis |Some |Little | |2.Expression of the ways in which language of selected persuasive texts is|Insightful |Careful |Some |Limited |Little | |used to position readers in a particular way | | | | | | |Criterion 2: Expressive and coherent writing, with appropriate use of |   |   |   |   |   | |metalanguage (10 marks) | | | | | | |1.Expressive and coherent |High |Expressive |General |Clear |Simple | |2. Appropriate metalanguage |High |Relevant |Mostly |Some |Limited | Marks_____/20 Teacher comments/areas for improvement_________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Essay about Cruel Intentions - 931 Words

The film Cruel Intentions is a narration based on a bet between two step-siblings exploring society’s sexual boundaries. We are first introduced to Sebastian, a fifth year high school Senior with no respect for anyone/ thing except his own reputation of sexual conquest. His stepsister Kathryn is, well, as she puts it â€Å"Im the Marsha fucking Brady of the Upper East Side†. A quick summary, Sebastian wants to have sex with Annette, the new head master’s daughter who wrote a manifesto on why she intends to wait until marriage. Kathryn makes a bet with he that he won’t be able to, and spends the rest of the movie trying to corrupt innocent little Cecile who is her ex’s new infatuation. Cecile is in love with the cello teacher of a different†¦show more content†¦Sebastian has sex for his reputation as a conqueror, â€Å"I take pleasure in others’ misery,† is one of his final testimonies. Sleeping around with Manhattan Debutantes builds his repute giving him pleasure. Women in contrast, are having sex for love, (with the exception of Kathryn who is not having sex for love, but still an emotion, revenge). The psychiatrist’s daughter is upset because she was tricked into her scandal because â€Å"he told me he loved me and I believed him†. Through Cecil it is portrayed in a different manner, but leads to the same thing. Kathryn tries to persuade her to learn all she can from Sebastian which is replied with â€Å"But I don’t love him, I love Ronald.† Showing to the core that woman want to have sex for their emotions for their partners. She gives in when she is persuaded that you do it to practice so that she can make Ronald happy. Twisted as it may be, it is still an excuse based on feelings for a lover. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Certain rules apply in film, for instance, there can not a plot with a sexual theme with out sexual communication. As portrayed in this film, communication keeps to what was learned through lecture as well as the Coupling clip, you can engage in sexual activity with a partner, but you talk about it with friends. Kathryn and Cecil openly talk about it throughout the film, the topic of kissing while they are in the park and the topic of oral sex in Cecil’s house.Show MoreRelatedCruel Intentions Movie Review567 Words   |  2 PagesIn the film Cruel Intentions, Kathryn Merteuil is portrayed as a manipulative mastermind, who suffers from the addiction of cocaine. She is prideful of herself on destroying the lives of others while having the benefit of meeting her own needs. Kathryn comes from a wealthy family. She portrays herself differently while being in the public eyes; a popular student, a devoted Christian and a student body president at her prestige ’s school. She comes off as a lady with moral integrity. However, SebastianRead MoreA Moral Examination of Roger Kumbles Cruel Intentions Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesI cant remember ever seeing a film with more moral problems and issues than Roger Kumbles Cruel Intentions. Although the film is intended to be a dark comedy and a teenage version of Dangerous Liaisons, Cruel Intentions is a mature and often shocking look at a potential realistic situation played up as a fantasy tale that offers a sickening example of the moral decay present in our society. Morals seem to change from generation to generation, and as time goes on it seems that at one time what wasRead More Comparing Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos and Cruel Intentions the Movie1327 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos and Cruel Intentions the Movie It is my intention to compare the book, Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos, to its modern movie version, Cruel Intentions starring Sarah Michelle Gellar. I intend to examine how the original French text was modified in reference to plot, character, morals/values, and themes. I also plan to discuss how these transformations change the meaning of the story and reflect different cultural/historical contextsRead MorePortrayal Of A Patient With Borderline Personality Disorder986 Words   |  4 PagesKathryn Merteuil, the primary antagonist in Cruel Intentions, is the master at manipulating both men and women. She is the most popular girl at her school and bases the entirety of her self-worth on her perception that everyone either wants her or wants to be her. In order to maintain her appearance, Kathryn binges and purges and has a heavy cocaine addiction. Although well liked and popular, Kathryn holds no stable relationships and is easily upset and irritated when things do not go her wayRead MoreSherman Alexie s Without Reservation980 Words   |  4 Pagesmessage is clearly defined to the reader and is always a shock at the end. After reading this article I have come to the conclusion that Sherman Alexie entails his dark humor and storytelling style to purposefully misinterpret Indians to demonstrate his cruel and genuine message. Row, in â€Å" Without Reservation† emphasizes that Alexie is a storyteller and not a prose fiction writer. A story teller, he defines, has work that, â€Å"... contains, openly or covertly, something useful †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Row 1). Row goes on by givingRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Is Facebook Making You Mean?834 Words   |  4 Pages Facebook is built around the idea that people should be able to project themselves and speak their minds, but it seems like some people have taken that privilege too far. I believe that it is important to protect yourself from people with cruel intentions on the internet and Facebook by being selective about who you befriend, how you post pictures, and guidance for how to effectively communicate online. The biggest issue with Facebook is the fact that people feel entitled to comment about everythingRead MoreThe Is Not The Ideal World1466 Words   |  6 PagesIn an ideal world, people would all be kind and nice to each other, empathize with each others sorrows, sulk in each others happiness and live civilly on this planet together. Unfortunately, this is not the ideal world. People have a tendency to be cruel and nasty towards each other; rather than empathizing - they feel good about hardship not occurring to them, and rather than sulking in each other’s happiness - they bury themselves with greed and envy towards the person. Despite how much some wantRead MoreAnalysis Of Nicolo Machiavelli s The Prince1536 Words   |  7 Pageswish to be considered kind rather than cruel. Nevertheless, he must take care to avoid misusing his kindness,† indicating that there is not only an importance on selecting certain qualities, but a stronger importance on how an individual execu tes those qualities (65). A powerful ruler must be able to set themselves apart from others. The populace will express hatred toward a cruel ruler, which is how Machiavelli subtly illustrates the process of how a cruel ruler can obtain enemies. Without the approvalRead MoreThe Boy In The Striped Pyjamas Character Analysis835 Words   |  4 PagesKotler grew very angry with Pavel and no one—not Bruno, not Gretel, not Mother and not even Father—stepped in to stop him doing what he did next, even though it made Bruno cry and Gretel grow pale† (p. 149). Lieutenant Kotler is shown again being cruel when he is found killing a dog. â€Å"Once when Bruno was watching the camp from his bedroom window he saw a dog approach the fence and start barking loudly, and when Lieutenant Kotler heard it he marched right over to the dog and shot it† (p. 162). ItRead MoreAnalysis Of Controlling Katherine : The Cruelty, Abuse, And Manipulation Of Petruchios Language1542 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesnecessitates close reading. Analysis of Petruchio’s unscrupulous, harsh, and offensive language and staged productions reveal Petruchio not as a romantic comedy hero but instead as a manipulative, cruel, and abusive man. During their first encounter, Petruchio’s use of language immediately reveals his manipulative, cruel, and abusive nature. His first significant linguistic move is to rename Katherine: You lie, in faith, for you are call’d plain Kate, And bonny Kate, and sometimes Kate the curst; But Kate

Childhood Emotional Abuse Essay - 2295 Words

Although all therapists are aware of the childhood emotional abuse issue, it is possible that only few therapists understand the scope of the issue. Emotional maltreatment is harder to detect than other forms of abuse because it is more subtle. When Child Protective Services (CPS) conduct family assessments, it is the hardest form of abuse to prove because parents are very open about the topic and emotional abuse does not leave any physical evidence behind. However, it certainly influences a childs self-esteem, promotes the feeling of guilt, insecurity, and creates the inability to form stable relationships during adulthood. Although some behavioral disorders are related to emotional abuse, it is not possible to predict it correctly†¦show more content†¦However, all forms of child abuse carry emotional consequences because the childs psychological and emotional development inevitably suffers from all forms of abuse. An intervention model that would focus on emotional abuse c ould also focus on preventing other forms of abuse because violent behavior towards children often comes from the same underlying causes, and most risk factors for child maltreatment are associated with caregiver, family, and environmental factors (McDonald, 2007). With this in mind, a possible solution would have to include early detection, but the intervention would most likely focus on factors that cause all types of child abuse. Despite the widespread occurrences of all forms of abuse, emotional neglect or maltreatment are practically impossible to detect while they occur and impair the childs normal development and social integration. Emotional abuse includes includes verbal, mental, and psychological maltreatment of children, and it is frequently overlooked by the community and mental health professionals who do not define emotional abuse as a suitable factor for diagnostic purposes (as cited in Schneider, Baumrind, Kimerling, 2007). In reality, emotional abuse is frequently used in many families, it occurs in several worldwide cultures, and it carries significant consequences that should not be overlooked. Emotional abuseShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Abuse and the Effects on Emotional Development1352 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Early childhood abuse and the effects on emotional development Abstract The present research is aimed at providing an account of early childhood abuse and its effects on further emotional development. A first focus falls on outlining the psychological stages of emotional development and the notion of emotional response, followed by a thorough analysis of the child abuse spectrum together with effects, both early and belated, of general and most notably socio-emotional nature. Firstly, the meaningRead MoreThe Documentary Child Of Rage 1664 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifier of childhood onset with limited prosocial emotions and is severe (APA, 2013). I felt it was remarkable the therapy she received did so much for her and literally saved her life. Reactive attachment disorder is described (Kress Paylo, 2014) as a disorder in which the child received extreme neglect by the primary caregiver and as a result does not form emotional bonds with others. Recent studies, state Kress Paylo (2014), show that all children in order to develop emotional bonding withRead MoreChildhood And Adolescent Mental Health1340 Words   |  6 Pages Childhood and Adolescent mental health disorders are highly debated and controversial area of health care. There are a few disorders that have been researched deeply and they still have controversy attached to them, some about them being a disorder and some about the treatment regimen prescribe for the disorder. There are three classes of these disorders, the internalizing, the externalizing, and the neurodevelopmental disorder. The internalizing class is a class of disorders where the patientRead MoreWhere Does Bad Behavior Do Children Come From?1515 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunity to learn cooperat ion, and they take on more responsibility. Although these important things to learn in life, there are also some disadvantages to having a large family. The biggest one that children of large families suffer with is the emotional crises of sibling rivalry. While sibling rivalry is perfectly normal either the older child could feel â€Å"dethroned† from his/her position in the family or the younger child may suffer from feeling of being the shadow of the older sibling. On theRead MoreHow Trauma Affects Coping : A Brazilian Study Of Twenty One Female Bipolar Patients1712 Words   |  7 Pageson coping and bipolar disorder. Of the participants, 80% of reported during childhood they had experienced emotional abuse, 68% reported physical abuse, 63% reported physical neglect. Emotional neglect was reported in 43% of individuals, 27% reported sexual abuse. (Daruy-Filho, Brietzke, Kluwe-Schiavon, Fabres, Grassi-Oliveira, 2013) This study found a linear relationship between freq uencies of emotional abuse in childhood and decreased use of coping skills. (Daruy-Filho, Brietzke, Kluwe-SchiavonRead MoreChildhood Trauma Can Have A Significant Impact On The Behaviour1460 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood trauma can have a significant impact on the behaviour of an individual. Previous research has shown how trauma causes behavioral problems and can also result in mental disorders in the person. Studies conducted by Gabriele et al. (2002) and Sara et al. (2013) show how incidences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are widespread in patients with bipolar disorder. Gabriele et al. (2002) conducted the research to find out the impact of adverse childhood events, mainly physical andRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States isRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on The Developing Brain, An Annotated Bibliography846 Words   |  4 Pages1) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Gaskill, Richard L. and Perry, Bruce D. (2012) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse: Identification, Assessment, and Treatment. Online. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118094822.ch2/pdf Annotated Bibliography: In this article, the author is making an argument that sexual abuse causes brain development problems inRead MoreAnti Social Personality Disorder ( Ocd )1327 Words   |  6 PagesAbuse and neglect during childhood have a strong predisposition to having anti-social personality disorder â€Å"In 2013, an estimate of 679, 000 children were abused or neglected† (National Children’s Alliance, 2013). Abuse and/or neglect history in young adults can have strong impact physically and emotionally. Previous researchers have found that abuse and/or neglect in young adults can be one linked to personality disorders. They have found that Anti-social Personality Disorder (APD) can be oneRead MoreThe Signs And Symptoms Of Psychological Abuse1113 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological abuse also known as emotional abuse is when someone affects the emotional and social aspect of someone’s life. It is a pattern of behaviors by caregivers that interferes with cognitive, emotional, psychological, and social development. In other words’ it is when someone does something intentionally to hurt the emotional aspects of another person. What are the signs/symptoms of psychological abuse? Unlike physical abuse, psychological abuse often goes on without being noticed. Psychological

Endgame By Samuel Beckett Essay - 1144 Words

The mood and attitude of Samuel Beckett’s 1957 play, Endgame, are reflective of the year of its conception. The history that reflects directly on the play itself is worth sole attention. In that year, the world was a mixed rush of Cold War fear, existential reason, and race to accomplishment (Garraty 307). Countries either held a highlighted concern with present wartime/possibility of war, or involvement with the then sprouting movement of Existentialism. The then â€Å"absurdist theater† reflected the values and concerns of the modern society (Petty). The accomplishments of man, such as the Soviet launching of both Sputnik satellites, sparked international competition. 1957 was not a year of unification and worldly brotherhood, it was a time†¦show more content†¦In October, they successfully launched Sputnik I, the world’s first artificial satellite (Stiefel 157). As a follow up achievement, in November Sputnik II was launched, carrying a dog-named â₠¬Å"Laika† to study adaptation to space. A heavy news highlight, which could be seen as integrated meaning into the macabre situations of the characters in the play, was that Laika did not survive the â€Å"accomplishment† of space travel (Cold War). Soviet technological know-how introduced new international competition in space exploration and missile capability. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khruschev, had emerged from the post-Stalin interregnum as the new leader, and was eager to fan the flames of American/Soviet relations. Although the missile that launched both Sputnik satellites was too primitive for military deployment, Kruschev claimed that â€Å"long-range missiles were rolling off the assembly line like sausages†, a lie that allowed US President Eisenhower’s opponents to perceive a â€Å"missile gap† (Garraty 329-332). Kruschev tried to gain control over the â€Å"gap† in a series of crises, but his motives proved faulty and in turn pr ovoked reactions in China, the United States, and Europe which hurt his own political support in the Soviet Union (Stiefel 160). Elsewhere in the world, other nations experienced tumultuous inter-relational struggles. In Arab countries, political andShow MoreRelatedEndgame by Samuel Beckett824 Words   |  4 Pages Beckett is the founder of exploring the meaning of theatrical absurdity. Beckett’s effortless writings over the years, created a unique dramatic persona in his plays that won him the Noble Peace prize. After receiving one of the highest awards known to humanity, he kept a low profile. This period alludes to the satisfaction of reaching his peak. Yet, in his later work, the Endgame makes a direct correlation with the satisfaction of making your peak a plateau. He creates a philosophical predicamentRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot, Endgame, And Not I2331 Words   |  10 Pagesmeaning in a chaotic and uncaring world, and to the playwright Samuel Beckett it is no different. In the works Waiting for Godot, Endgame, and Not I, Samuel Beckett uses elements of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity to find humor in day-to-day existence, as well as the relationships between the self and others. Before one can analyze Beckett’s work, one must first understand the meanings of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity in regard to Beckett himself. Nihilism is a term often attributed to inactionRead MoreSamuel Beckett : Theatre Of The Absurd And Beckett s Use Of The Literary Concept1071 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Beckett: Theatre of the Absurd and Beckett’s Use of the Literary Concept Samuel Beckett’s works revolve around human despair and surviving in hopeless situations. His very first critical essay was Finnegans Wake. Much of his work is inspired by French philosophers. One of the most influential philosophers on Beckett was Descartes. Samuel Beckett gained his claim to fame in the writing community when he introduced the concept of absurdity, nihilism, and human despair to find the meaning ofRead More Codependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesCodependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Clov asks, What is there to keep us here? Hamm answers, The dialogue. In the play Endgame, Samuel Beckett demonstrates dramatically the idea of codependency between the two focal characters who rely on each other to fulfill their own physical and psychological needs. Beckett accomplishes this through Hamm, who assumes the identity of a kingly figure, and his relationship with Clov, who acts as his subject. In Endgame, this idea is establishedRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot2241 Words   |  9 PagesMathilde - 1429631 17/02/2015 Literature Endgame, Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett The vogue for Beckett started with the success of Waiting for Godot which was produced in Paris in 1953. It was his first play apart from one, Eleutheria, written in 1947 which was never published or performed. In 1946, Samuel Beckett wrote Mercier et Camier which according to Ronald Hayman in his critic essay entitled Contempory playrights Samuel Beckett show how the dialogue of the male coupleRead More Technology and Beckett’s Play, Krapp’s Last Tape1167 Words   |  5 Pagessont morts les prà ©sents puent sors tes yeux dà ©tourne-les sur les roseaux se taquinent-ils ou les aà ¯s pas la peine il y a le vent et l’à ©tat de veille†[1][1] -Samuel Beckett, Untitled As an avant-garde writer and a trend starter, Beckett was intensely in touch with his own time and its most significant realities, one of which being technological progress. In his play Krapp’s Last Tape, first performed in 1958, we meet yet another one of his spirituallyRead More Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesBeckett, Brecht and Endgame      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irish playwright Samuel Beckett is often classified amongst Absurdist Theatre contemporaries Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Jean Genet, and Eugene Ionesco (Brockett 392-395). However, Endgame, Becketts second play, relates more closely to the theatrical ideology of German playwright Bertolt Brecht, father of epic theatre and the alienation effect. Through the use of formal stage conventions, theatrical terminology, and allusions to Shakespearean textsRead More Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse Dealers Daughter1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse Dealers Daughter      Ã‚   The three stories, The Endgame (Beckett), The Dumbwaiter (Pinter), and The Horse Dealers Daughter (Lawrence) all deal with the themes of repression, repetition, and breakdowns in communication. The stories show us the subjectivity of language and exemplify the complexities of the human condition.    Samuel Beckett arrived on earth in Ireland on Good Friday, April 13, 1906. He thenRead MoreThe Portrayal Of The Theatre Of The Absurd Essay example1795 Words   |  8 Pagespoets, novelists, and playwrights have employed the powerful tools of language to broadcast their respective statement to the literate world. Many authors stand out for their overly romanticized or horribly pessimistic notations on life, but only Samuel Beckett stands out for his portrayal of absence. As Democritus, a Greek philosopher, noted, nothing is more real than nothing, a quote which became one of Becketts favorites and an inspiration for his masterful plays (Hughes 1). Becketts worksRead MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 Pages Chapter –I For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English (Ph. D.) Research Topic Violation of the Maxims of Cooperative Principle in Samuel Beckett’s Selected Plays. Research Student Mr. Mundhe Ganesh Balavantrao Research Guide Dr. B. A. Jarange Place of Research Institute of Advanced Studies in English, Pune CONTENTS 1) Introduction 2) Rationale of the Study 3) Hypothesis 4) Review of the Research Work 5) Aims and Objectives of the Research Project 6) Data, Methodology and Techniques

Sun Yat

Sun Yat-Sen Essay Evaluate the importance of Sun Yixian’s (Sun Yat-sen’s) role in bringing about the 1911 Revolution in China. Sun Yat-sen’s role in the 1911 revolution against the Qing dynasty was an indirect one. Sun Yat-sen was exiled in the United States during the events of the Wuchang Uprising of October 10th, 1911, hearing about it through a newspaper publication in Denver, Colorado. Many Historians view Sun’s accession as the provisional President of the Republic of China, directly following the revolution, as due to his position as a â€Å"compromise candidate†(Bergere, Marie-Clare, Sun Yat-sen, 1994, p. 2). This interpretation holds Sun Yat-sen as a respected but unimportant figure in the revolution, serving as an ideal compromise between the revolutionaries and the conservative gentry. However, perspectives differ, Sun Yat-sen is credited for the funding of the revolutionary movement and for â€Å"keeping the spirit of revolution alive†(MacFarquhar , Roderick, Cambridge History of China: The People’s Republic, 1998, p. 261), despite a series of previous failed uprisings. His ability to be flexible in his ideology and merge the political beliefs of smaller revolutionary groups into a single larger party also provided a better power base for the officers and soldiers of the New Army at Wuchang. Sun Yat-sen’s role in the 1911 revolution was as an ideological leader rather than as a direct military opponent against the Qing dynasty. The view that Sun Yat-sen’s role in the revolution of 1911 was as a compromise candidate was defined by his wide sphere of influence and accessibility to all factions of early 20th century Chinese society. At age 13, Sun Yat-sen went to live with his expatriate brother Sun Mei, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In this period, Sun Yat-sen received an education from British Christian missionaries, instilling western principles and the political ideals of democracy and socialism into his perspective on China. After visiting China in 1883, Sun Yat-sen was appalled by what he perceived as a backward governmental system, criticising the exorbitant taxes and levies placed upon the impoverished Chinese people. 3] Sun Yat-sen’s egalitarian ideals were shaped by these experiences and these ideals were the basis for his appeal to the lower classes, the largest strata group within China at the time. Despite this influence with the lower classes, Sun Yat-sen did not ignore the gentry. Sun Yat-sen quit his medical education and aligned himself with reformists, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, seeking to transform China into a constitutional monarchy. His initial revolutionary action was to write a lengthy letter to Li Hongzhang, the governor general of Zhili and a reformer in the court, suggesting drastic political reform. His efforts were rebuffed. Sun Yat-sen had never been trained in the Confucian classics, thus the gentry did not full accept him within their circles. However, on the 29th of December when it came to electing a Provisional President for the newly established Republic of China, the representatives from the provinces ignored Sun Yat-sen’s lack of traditional education, perceiving him better equipped then his revolutionary rival, Huang Xing, who had a direct role in the Wuchang Uprising. Although Sun Yat-sen was in exile from China in October 1911, his ideological and financial contributions to the revolution are evident. In October 1894, after visiting China, Sun Yat-sen founded the Revive China Society to unveil his political and sociological ideologies. Sun Yat-sen based his idea of revolution on three principles: nationalism, democracy and socialism. The first of these held that Chinese government ought to be in the hands of the Chinese rather than a foreign imperial house. Government should be republican and democratically elected. Finally, disparities in land ownership are to be equalised among the people, wealth more evenly distributed, and the social effects of unbridled capitalism and government should mitigate commerce. The latter principle involved the nationalisation of land; Sun Yat-sen believed that land ownership allows too much power to accrue to the hands of landlords. In his nationalization theory, people would be deprived of the right to own land, but they could still retain other rights over the land by permission of the state. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary ideas extensively influenced formation of the New Army, responsible for the revolution of 1911. .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .postImageUrl , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:hover , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:visited , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:active { border:0!important; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:active , .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cda8a150e0d5178583676544746b47a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comforts of Home Notes EssayThrough his early revolutionary actions and a failed military coup in 1895, Sun Yat-sen was exiled for sixteen years, campaigning and raising monetary aid in Europe, the United States and in Japan. In Japan, Sun Yat-sen joined dissident Chinese groups, a pre-cursor to the Tongmenghui, becoming their leader and gaining a large amount of financial support from Japanese democratic revolutionary, Miyazaki Toten. Sun Yat-Sen smuggled this financial aid into China through his supporters, directly financing weapons and ammunitions, much of which was utilised in the revolution by the New Army. Sun Yat-sen’s ideology remained flexible; this had a homogenising effect on the revolutionary factions involved in the Wuchang rebellion and more widely, the Xinhai Revolution. Sun Yat-sen’s political ideologies reflected their intended audience as much as his personal convictions. He presented himself as a strident nationalist to the nationalists, as a socialist to the socialists and an anarchist to the anarchists, declaring in 1898, â€Å"the goal of the three principles of the people is to create socialism and anarchism†(Reynolds, Douglas R. China, 1895-1912: State Sponsored Reforms and Qing Revolution, London, 1995). This flexibility allowed his ideology and belief system to become popular in all factions of the nationalist movement, making, Sun Yat-sen a key figure. The consolidation of nationalist power through Sun Yat-sen’s doctrine, enabled the revolutionary force to become a single political and social movement. Although not directly involved in t he events of the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was an ideological leader for the revolutionaries responsible. His subsequent election as Provisional President of the Republic of China, was due to his position as a â€Å"compromise candidate†, more accessible to the Chinese gentry than his revolutionary rival, Huang Xing. Sun Yat-sen’s tireless efforts in gaining financial aid, internationally throughout his exile, directly impacted the 1911 Revolution, by providing military provisions to the rebel forces. His ability to homogenise the many factions of revolutionary thinking, present in late 19th century China, gave the revolutionaries greater political and military power then ever before, enabling the Wuchang rebellion to take place. Sun Yat-sen’s socio-political theology engaged with the Chinese people’s meta-narrative and sense of injustice, inspiring and influencing political change in an empire which, had been under the same governmental system for two thousand years. References: Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, Twentieth Century China: New Approaches, Routledge, New York, 2001 This literary source was fantastic as an overview of early twentieth century China. Although, not containing very specific information about Sun Yat-sen, it did provide a context and base of information for my essay. Reynolds, Douglas R. China, 1895-1912: State Sponsored Reforms and Qing Revolution, M. E Sharpe, London, 1995 This text provided a huge amount of information about Sun Yat-sen’s theology, even showing it’s flexibility. The text also contained a fantastic quote from Sun Yat-sen in 1898, further illustrating this. Gordon, David, Sun Yat-sen: Seeking a Newer China, Prentice Hall, London, 2008 This new publish ed source contained very specific information about Sun Yat-sen. The source was somewhat biographical rather than analytical in nature but provide me with much needed background information and supporting evidence. Bergere, Marie-Clare, Sun Yat-sen, Cooper , London, 1994 This is the most famous source on Sun Yat-sen and I was not the only person to have requested it at the National Library. This source contained a wealth of information, not only about Sun Yat-sen’s life but also critically analysing his ideologies. MacFarquhar, Roderick, Cambridge History of China: The People’s Republic, 1998 This was a rather intimidating source, coming in many volumes. It provides a significant amount of information about Sun Yat-sen’s dealings in Japan during his exile. This was useful in supporting my point about his fundraising efforts. - Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, Twentieth Century China: New Approaches, Routledge, New York, 2001, p. 194 Bergere, Marie-Clare, Sun Yat-sen, Cooper , London, 1994, p. 23 Reynolds, Douglas R. , China, 1895-1912: State Sponsored Reforms and Qing Revolution, M. E Sharpe, London, 1995, p. 62 Gordon, David, Sun Yat-sen: Seeking a Newer China, Prentice Hall, Lon don, 2008, p. 174 Bergere, Marie-Clare, Sun Yat-sen, Cooper , London, 1994, p. 23 MacFarquhar, Roderick, Cambridge History of China: The People’s Republic, 1998, p. 112

The history of stolen generation free essay sample

The History of the Stolen Generations Who were the Stolen Generations? The term Stolen Generations describes the many Aboriginal and some Torres Strait Islander people who were forcibly removed from their families as children by past Australian Federal, State and Territory government agencies, and church missions, from the late 1800s to the 1970s. These removals were carried out under acts of their respective parliaments, and the children removed were sent either to institutions or adopted by non-lndigenous families. Children taken by State and Territory authorities were often not permitted to have isits from their parents or families, such was the extent to which the separation from family, community and culture was enforced. Nearly every Aboriginal family and community was affected by these policies of forcible removal those taken away, the parents, sisters and brothers, uncles and aunts, and the communities themselves. Why were children removed? Throughout the early 1900s, the Australian public was led to believe that Aboriginal children were disadvantaged and at risk in their own communities, and that they would receive a better education, a more loving family, and a more civilised pbringing in adopted white families or in government institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on The history of stolen generation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reality was that Aboriginal children were being removed in order to be exposed to Anglo values and Work habits with a view to them being employed by colonial settlers, and to stop their parents, families and communities from passing on their culture, language and identity to them. The children who were targetted for removal by the authorities of the time, in almost all cases, had one parent that was white and one that was Aboriginal. The objective behind the removal of these children then was often one of acial assimilation, The Aboriginal Protection Boards at the time believed that by separating these mixed race children from their families, community, land and culture, assimilation into white Australian society would be all the more effective, with the mixed descent Aboriginal population in time merging with the non Indigenous population. The children removed and then placed in institutions or with new foster families so often received a lower standard of education, and sometimes no education at all, when compared with the standard of education available to white Australian children. In Western Australia, for example, once removed, children were often placed in dormitories, trained as farm labourers and domestic servants, and by the age of 14 were sent out to work. Experiences of the children Experiences of the children taken from their families varied widely. Some coped with the trauma of losing their families, and flourished, despite the prevailing sense and knowledge of their loss of and separation from their birth families, communities, land and culture. I was very fortunate that when I was removed, I was with very loving and aring parents. The love was mutual I know my foster parents were the type of people that always understood that I needed to know my roots, who I was, where I was born, who my parents were and my identity I remember one day I went home My foster father told me you shouldnt listen to other people: You Judge him for yourself, taking into account the tragedy, that someday you will understand. Confidential submission 252, South Australia: woman fostered at 4 years in the 1960s. However, once removed, so many children were encouraged to abandon and deny heir own Aboriginal heritage and language in favour of western values and norms, and the English language. My mother and brother could speak our language and my father could speak his. I cant speak my language. Aboriginal people werent allowed to speak their language while white people were around. They had to go out into the bush or talk their lingoes on their own. Aboriginal customs like initiation were not allowed. We could not leave Cherbourg to go to Aboriginal traditional festivals. We could have a corroboree if the Protector issued a permit. It was completely up to him. I never had a chance to learn about my traditional and customary way of life when I was on the reserves. Confidential submission 1 10, Queensland: woman removed in the 1940s. For many other children, who were placed with unsatisfactory foster parents or in institutions, as adults they continue to struggle to overcome their experiences of trauma, loss, isolation, and often, abuse. I led a very lost, confused, sad, empty childhood, as my foster father molested me. I remember once having a bath with my clothes on cause I was too scared to take them off. I was scared of the dark cause my foster father would often come at night. I was scared to tell anyone cause I once attempted to tell the local Priest at the Catholic church and he told me to say ten Hail Marys for telling lies. So I thought this was how normal non- Aboriginal families were. I was taken to various doctors who diagnosed me as uncontrollable or lacking in intelligence. Confidential submission 788, New South Wales: woman removed at 3 years in 1946; experienced two foster placements and a number of institutional placements. The Bringing them home Report and the Stolen Generations Testimonies website both feature the first hand stories of adults, who as children were forcibly removed from their families and communities. They tell their own stories of loss and separation from their families, communities, culture and land, social isolation, deplorable living conditions, neglect, and physical, mental and sexual abuse. The institutions to which the children were taken were tasked with preparing part- Aboriginal children to take their place in a society which treated non-white people as econd-class. Long term impacts The forcible removal of Aboriginal children irrevocably broke parental links, severing cultural connection to family and country. As a measure of remedy, the emergence of the Link Up services across the country now mean that increasingly, Stolen Generations members are able to receive assistance and support when seeking to be reunited with their families. The Journey that Stolen Generations survivors embark on when looking to trace their family members as adults can be fraught with a range of varied and mixed emotions.